MOLECULAR STRUCTURE*****HA SELF-ASSEMBLY***** MY PEER REVIEWED SCIENCE

Hyaluronic acid serves as a scaffold for biomatrixgenesis. The initiation step is believed to be the activation of the tetramer (GlcUA-GlcNAc)2. The addition of a dimer to the tetramer gives the active hexamer. The hexamer serves as a matrix for the synthesis of phosphorylated nitrogenous bases, such as ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, etc. Each dimer in the hexamer is an entry point or a nitrogenous base at the anomeric carbon atom of the glucuronic acid pyranose ring ether linkage and the phosphate group binds at the C-4 position of the ring. The driving force for the formation of phosphorylated bases appears to be the mobilization of ions, CO2, and protons through the glucuronic acid residue. Water is also formed in the process. While still linked to the hexamer, the activated hexamer can transfer its high energy phosphates to an octamer, which can accommodate all 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA. We have shown that although the octamer is most likely the template for the DNA helix formation, the hexamer is also capable of producing DNA. Most likely, 4 hexamer probably supply one octamer with the energetic phosphates it needs to drive DNA synthesis. In a new cycle, glucosamine becomes acetylated and forms a linkage with another glucose molecule. There is much to learn from these models in creating novel hydrogen and ion fuel cells, which are also biocompatible.

All components can be regenerated. The glucose converted to energy, water, and carbon dioxide can be reformed by plants. HA can serve as a scaffold (patterns for tissue structure, such as the extracellular matrix, bone, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) HA fills this role as molecular weight dependent carbohydrate nanotubes connected to mini-labs for stem cell genesis. Results show that hyaluronate, unlike the other glycosaminoglycans, is synthesized inside the cell at the plasma membrane and extrudes to the extracellular matrix. This would support my HA-water double helix in a helix conjecture where the inner water helix contains the citric acid cycle. HA 2, 3, and 4 fold helices could then use the energy produced by glucose to basically synthesize itself, a glucose derivative, to serve as the scaffold for its own matrix engineering. The acetyl group and the CO2 groups needed for HA synthesis are within the same matrix. The hub becomes the incubator for the self-assembling of electroconductive microwires. One should also consider the infrared heat signature I see for my dehydrated segments and the published results for HA and HA derivatives.

Unlike DNA where every living creature has a DNA fingerprint, HA is biocompatible across all species. HA can exist in a double helix in three different helical conformations. This ability to shift helical forms means it is more likely capable of supporting the critic acid cycle (energy wheel) than DNA. I believe that the evidence shows that for (GlcUA-GlcNAc)n; n<3 HA are isolated chains and there are no rings. When n=3 to n=6, rings form. It is possible that helices form when n=7 segmental interaction occurs. HA, is a derivative of glucose, which is common to both plants and animals. Sunlight is used to generate glucose in the form of starch from CO2 and H2O. This process gives off oxygen, which is needed by animals to burn the glucose to yield activated acetate for the citric acid cycle. This demonstrates that plants and animals share a common pathway through glucose. In an advance toward understanding the origin of life on Earth, scientists have shown that parts of the Krebs cycle can run in reverse, producing biomolecules that could jump-start life with only sunlight. The citric acid cycle transfers 2 carbon units to 2 and 4 carbon units to generate metabolic intermediates, ATP, CO2, and H2O. The dynamic helices formed by HA in water (4 fold, 3 fold, and 2 fold) make HA ideal for supporting the energy generating critic acid cycle regardless of species. It can be shown that the acetamido group of the glucosamine residue (the nitrogen cascade supplies nitrogen for the nitration of glucose)could extend into the HA inner water helix. This would make the N-acetate group a substrate for the critic acid cycle. One of the products from the cycle, CO2 would then be available to convert glucose to glucuronic acid, the other residue in HA. A working model may explain plasmid DNAs. The HA hexamer, (GlcUA-GlcNAc)n, where n=3, may be the initial engine for biomatrixgenesis given the helical requirements for the citric acid cycle. These results agree with the effects of HA in solution and cellular work. All of the components described above are derived from “the dust of the earth”.